Wednesday, December 15, 2010
Conservation of the People
My conservation of the people is on freemind which won't upload to the blog.
Monday, December 6, 2010
Epigenetics and The Environment
One set of genes from one parent and one set of genes from the other are combined to make an embryo
The epigenetic tags from the parents are erased, but sometimes they are not all erased. These are called imprinted genes. They are genes that are passed down from parent to child.
Identical twins have the same genome and epigenome
As twins age, their environments differ and their epigenomes change. Their genome stays the same though.
Diet and exercise for instance has an affect on the epigenome as well as exposure to toxins and stress.
Twins share the same environment up until a certain age and it is after then that they start to show signs of changes in appearance.
With genetic diseases, 50%of the time, identical twins both get the same disease whereas with fraternal twins, that is only a 10-15% chance that they will both get the disease.
Lick your rats-
The pups response to the nurturing mother will be that they will be calm adult a and the pups that are not nurtured will be anxious and stressed
Licking the rats activates the pup's GR protein.
Cortisol releases stored energy which is good for fight or flight and the GR protein releases adrenaline which triggers stress. When cortisol binds to the GRs, the hippocampus sends signals to shut off the stress circuit. Rats with higher levels of GR can detect cortisol and recover from stress faster which makes them more calm than rats with less GR.
Humans are influenced by the outside world as far as epigenetics goes and their levels of proteins can be changed. This means that even though they may gave a low nurturing mother, they may end up being very calm because of other experiences they have.
Folic acid, B vitamins and SAM make a methyl pathway . Methyl donating nutrients can alter gene expression during early development.
The mother's diet can affect the offspring because when the diet is unmethylated, people will be more susceptible to obesity and cancer and these traits will stick with the child for the rest of their life.
Methyl levels are high on the RNA in the hippocampus and the more methyl a person has, the less RNA production which leads to less proteins. This will affect gene expression because with the histone modifications, the methyl can help stabilize gene expression.
Drugs that are made to diminish a disease may work that way, but while destroying the disease, they also change the gene expression and the DNA methylation stabilizes the gene expression.
The epigenetic tags from the parents are erased, but sometimes they are not all erased. These are called imprinted genes. They are genes that are passed down from parent to child.
Identical twins have the same genome and epigenome
As twins age, their environments differ and their epigenomes change. Their genome stays the same though.
Diet and exercise for instance has an affect on the epigenome as well as exposure to toxins and stress.
Twins share the same environment up until a certain age and it is after then that they start to show signs of changes in appearance.
With genetic diseases, 50%of the time, identical twins both get the same disease whereas with fraternal twins, that is only a 10-15% chance that they will both get the disease.
Lick your rats-
The pups response to the nurturing mother will be that they will be calm adult a and the pups that are not nurtured will be anxious and stressed
Licking the rats activates the pup's GR protein.
Cortisol releases stored energy which is good for fight or flight and the GR protein releases adrenaline which triggers stress. When cortisol binds to the GRs, the hippocampus sends signals to shut off the stress circuit. Rats with higher levels of GR can detect cortisol and recover from stress faster which makes them more calm than rats with less GR.
Humans are influenced by the outside world as far as epigenetics goes and their levels of proteins can be changed. This means that even though they may gave a low nurturing mother, they may end up being very calm because of other experiences they have.
Folic acid, B vitamins and SAM make a methyl pathway . Methyl donating nutrients can alter gene expression during early development.
The mother's diet can affect the offspring because when the diet is unmethylated, people will be more susceptible to obesity and cancer and these traits will stick with the child for the rest of their life.
Methyl levels are high on the RNA in the hippocampus and the more methyl a person has, the less RNA production which leads to less proteins. This will affect gene expression because with the histone modifications, the methyl can help stabilize gene expression.
Drugs that are made to diminish a disease may work that way, but while destroying the disease, they also change the gene expression and the DNA methylation stabilizes the gene expression.
Tuesday, November 23, 2010
DNA Fingerprints
Create a DNA Fingerprint ( http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/analyze.html )
Introduction:
1. DNA is unique for everyone. The only exception is if a person has what?
The only exception to that rule is identical twins. They share the same parents and womb so they have the same DNA.
2. What are DNA fingerprints used for?
DNA fingerprints are used for identifying the person who committed a crime .
Part 1 “It Takes a Lickin”
3. What “crime” was committed?
The "crime" that was committed was of confection. One of Jimmy's seven sisters licked his holographic lollypop.
4. What bodily fluid was removed from the “crime scene” to get DNA?
Saliva was removed from then scene of the crime. It will be used to identify the DNA.
Part 2 “DNA Fingerprinting at the NOVA Lab”
5. What does a restriction enzyme do?
The restriction enzyme cuts the DNA in different locations. The enzyme cuts is different between every person because the code for everyone's DNA is different.
6. What is agarose gel?
The agarose gel is a thick substance that allows small pieces of DNA to get through.
7. What is electrophoresis?
Electrophoresis is the process of moving molecules with an electric current.
8. Smaller fragments of DNA move faster than longer strands?
9. Why do you need to place a nylon membrane over the gel?
The nylon membrane sucks up the agarose gel so it is easier to work with and can be absorbed.
10. Probes attach themselves to the fragments of DNA already on the nylon membrane.
11. Which chemical in your “virtual lab” is radioactive?
The probes are radioactive.
12. Sketch your DNA fingerprint.
13. Based on your DNA fingerprint, who licked the lollipop?
Honey Sweet is the culprit of the crime.
Introduction:
1. DNA is unique for everyone. The only exception is if a person has what?
The only exception to that rule is identical twins. They share the same parents and womb so they have the same DNA.
2. What are DNA fingerprints used for?
DNA fingerprints are used for identifying the person who committed a crime .
Part 1 “It Takes a Lickin”
3. What “crime” was committed?
The "crime" that was committed was of confection. One of Jimmy's seven sisters licked his holographic lollypop.
4. What bodily fluid was removed from the “crime scene” to get DNA?
Saliva was removed from then scene of the crime. It will be used to identify the DNA.
Part 2 “DNA Fingerprinting at the NOVA Lab”
5. What does a restriction enzyme do?
The restriction enzyme cuts the DNA in different locations. The enzyme cuts is different between every person because the code for everyone's DNA is different.
6. What is agarose gel?
The agarose gel is a thick substance that allows small pieces of DNA to get through.
7. What is electrophoresis?
Electrophoresis is the process of moving molecules with an electric current.
8. Smaller fragments of DNA move faster than longer strands?
9. Why do you need to place a nylon membrane over the gel?
The nylon membrane sucks up the agarose gel so it is easier to work with and can be absorbed.
10. Probes attach themselves to the fragments of DNA already on the nylon membrane.
11. Which chemical in your “virtual lab” is radioactive?
The probes are radioactive.
12. Sketch your DNA fingerprint.
13. Based on your DNA fingerprint, who licked the lollipop?
Honey Sweet is the culprit of the crime.
Wednesday, November 3, 2010
Mitosis
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes: prophase
Chromosomes align in center of cell: Metaphase
Longest part of the cell cycle:Interphase
Nuclear envelope breaks down: prometaphase
Cell is cleaved into two new daughter cells: Cytokinesis
Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles:Telophase
2. The colored chromosomes represent chromatids. There are two of each color because one is an exact duplicate of the other.
--How many chromosomes are visible at the beginning of mitosis?: Four
-- How many are in each daughter cell at the end of mitosis?: 4
--The little green T shaped things on the cell are: Centrioles
-- What happens to the centrioles during mitosis?: The centrioles divide during mitosis
3 . Identify the stages of these cells: The first stage in the drawing is Metaphase, the second one is Cytokinesis, and the third one is Prophase.
Prophase- The centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cells. The chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nucleus dissipates.
Metaphase- The spindle threads attach to the chromosomes.
Telophase- The nucleus reform, the chromosomes distribute, and the spindle threads disintegrate. Cytokinesis takes place.
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Total
Number of cells 20 10 3 2 1 36
Percent of cells 56% 28% 8% 6% 2% 100%
View 1 View 2 View 3 View 4 View 5
Whitefish telophase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase
Onion Prophase Metaphase Interphase Cytokinesis Telephase
Chromosomes align in center of cell: Metaphase
Longest part of the cell cycle:Interphase
Nuclear envelope breaks down: prometaphase
Cell is cleaved into two new daughter cells: Cytokinesis
Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles:Telophase
2. The colored chromosomes represent chromatids. There are two of each color because one is an exact duplicate of the other.
--How many chromosomes are visible at the beginning of mitosis?: Four
-- How many are in each daughter cell at the end of mitosis?: 4
--The little green T shaped things on the cell are: Centrioles
-- What happens to the centrioles during mitosis?: The centrioles divide during mitosis
3 . Identify the stages of these cells: The first stage in the drawing is Metaphase, the second one is Cytokinesis, and the third one is Prophase.
Prophase- The centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cells. The chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nucleus dissipates.
Metaphase- The spindle threads attach to the chromosomes.
Telophase- The nucleus reform, the chromosomes distribute, and the spindle threads disintegrate. Cytokinesis takes place.
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Total
Number of cells 20 10 3 2 1 36
Percent of cells 56% 28% 8% 6% 2% 100%
View 1 View 2 View 3 View 4 View 5
Whitefish telophase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase
Onion Prophase Metaphase Interphase Cytokinesis Telephase
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