Dolly was a sheep who was cloned from a female sheep zygote in 1997.
2. When a zygote divides into to separate cells, it is called: _______________________________
It is called a artificial embryo twining.
3. Somatic cells are also called _________________________
Somatic cells are also called SCNT.
4. In order to clone a gene, a gene is inserted into a _________________________
In order to clone a gene, a gene is inserted into a Petri-dish
5. In order to create an embryo from a somatic cell, the donor egg cell must have its ___________________ removed.
The donor egg cell must have its nucleus removed.
Click and Clone
6. List all the materials needed to clone a mouse.
A brown mouse, and black mouse (egg cell donor), white surrogate mother to grow the clone, microscope, Petri-dishes, sharp pipette, Blunt pipette, and the chemical to stimulate cell division are the materials needed to clone a mouse.
7. Place the following steps in the correct order.
____4____Stimulate cell division
____6____Deliver baby
___2____ Remove and discard the nucleus from the egg cell
___1_____ Isolate donor cells from egg donor and germ cell donor
___3_____ Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the egg cell
____5____ Implant embryo into a surrogate mother
8. There are two time gaps in the process of cloning. What are they? (ie. what do you have to wait for?)
The first time gap in the process of cloning is when the new DNA and the egg cell need to adjust to one another. The second time gap happens when the cell has to divide a few times creating a ball, or morula of 16 cells in the Petri-dish.
9. What color with the cloned mouse be? _____________ What is the name of this mouse? _____________________
The mouse must be brown because her genes came from Mimi and her name is Mini-Mimi.
Why Clone?
10. Why is cloning extinct animals problematic?
Cloning could be problematic because the cloned species could be smarter or fiercer than we know. They could also be used to a different environment than we currently have or not accustomed to our diseases. It could work the same way for the species of today because the species that are cloned might carry diseases that we may not be used to and therefore, the species of today could potentially die out completely.
11. What are some reasons a person might want to clone a human?
Some reasons to clone a human would be to help infertile couples have children or to replace a deceased child.
The Clone Zone
12. What animal was cloned in 1885?
Sea Urchins were cloned in 1885.
13. How did Spemann separate the two cells of the embryo of a salamander in 1902?
Spermann fashioned a timy noose from a strand of baby hair and tightened it between two cells of a salamander embryo until they separated.
14. The process of removing a nucleus is called ________________________
This process is called nuclear transfer.
15. In 1952, the nucleus of a ____________ embryo cell was placed into a donor cell. Did it work to clone the animal? ____________
15. In 1952, the nucleus of a ____________ embryo cell was placed into a donor cell. Did it work to clone the animal? ____________
The nucleus of a young tadpole was used. It did not work as planned and the few cloned tadpoles had abnormalities.
16. Can the nucleus of an adult cell be injected into an egg cell and produce a clone? ___________
16. Can the nucleus of an adult cell be injected into an egg cell and produce a clone? ___________
Yes, the nucleus of an adult cell can be injected into an egg cell as was proved by John Gurdon.
17. Why are mammals hard to clone? ______________________________________________
17. Why are mammals hard to clone? ______________________________________________
The egg cells of mammals are much harder to manipulate than those of salamanders or frogs because they are smaller, but it can be done.
18. What were the names of the first two cloned cows? _________________________________
The first two cloned cows were named Fusion and Copy.
19. In what year was the National Bioethics Advisory Council formed? ______________________
19. In what year was the National Bioethics Advisory Council formed? ______________________
It was formed in 1995.
20. The first mammal clone to be produced from an adult (somatic) cell? ____________________________
20. The first mammal clone to be produced from an adult (somatic) cell? ____________________________
The first mammal clone to be produced from an adult cell was a sheep.
21. What do scientists do to adult cells to make them "behave" like embryos? _____________________________________
21. What do scientists do to adult cells to make them "behave" like embryos? _____________________________________
An electric shock was applied to the adult cells to make them "behave" like embryos.
22. Transgenic, cloned sheep were used to produce what medical protein? ______________________________
The medical protein call factor IX was found in transgenic, cloned sheep.
23. What is a stem cell? ________________________________________________
23. What is a stem cell? ________________________________________________
A stem cell can become any cell in the human body and can potentially cure diseases if used and placed correctly.
Cloning Myths
24. Briefly describe in your own words, why CC the cat was not identical in color to Rainbow, even though she was a clone/
The CC cat was not exactly the same as Rainbow because normally, in cats, an X chromosome is turned off and in this case, it was the chromosome for the color orange.
25. What is "nature vs nurture"?
"Nature vs nurture" means that even though the parents of a child can give them the exact same genes as they have, their environment and lives will be completely different from their parents, so they will not be carbon copies of their parents (epigenetics).
Is it Cloning or Not?
26. For each of the following scenarios, indicate YES (it is cloning) or NO (it is not cloning)
_____Not______Sperm taken from a mole goat is combined with a female's egg in a petri dish. The resulting embryo is implanted into the female's uterus to develop
_____Cloning______A sheep embryo, composed of 16 cells, is removed from the mother's uterus and separated into indivudal cells. Each cell is allowed to multiply, creating 16 separate embryos, which are then implanted in different female sheep to develop to maturity.
______Not_____A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother.
____Not_______ In vitro fertilization
____Cloning_______ Cell nuclei from an extinct wolly mammoth are placed into enucleated cow cells.
27. Define or describe each of the following processes (you may need to reset the Cloning or Not Screen)
Invitro fertilization- In vitro fertilization is the process of an egg and sperm placed in a surrogate mother.
Embryo splitting- Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer- SCNT means that all of the embryos are exactly the same.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer- Each embryo will be different using this technique.
Artificial Insemination- Inserting the eggs using a means that is unnatural.
What Are the Risks of Cloning? The risks of cloning are that it is probable that not all of the eggs will live and the animals will not be exactly the same as their mother.
28. What is one reason why cloning animals has such a high failure rate?
Cloning animals has such a high failure rate because implanting the eggs into the surrogate mother might fail, therefore, the clones will not be successful.
29. What is a telomere and how does it affect cloned animals?
A telomere is a DNA strand at the end of each sequence. Each time the DNA sequence duplicates, the telomere becomes shorter. This is why people age. If an already old nucleus gets injected into a surrogate mother, the cloned animal ages faster than the original animal.
What Are Some Issues in Cloning?
30. Pick one of the questions to ponder and ....ponder it. Write a brief essay on your thoughts and opinions.
Whom will the technology help? Does it have the potential to hurt anybody?:
Cloning Myths
24. Briefly describe in your own words, why CC the cat was not identical in color to Rainbow, even though she was a clone/
The CC cat was not exactly the same as Rainbow because normally, in cats, an X chromosome is turned off and in this case, it was the chromosome for the color orange.
25. What is "nature vs nurture"?
"Nature vs nurture" means that even though the parents of a child can give them the exact same genes as they have, their environment and lives will be completely different from their parents, so they will not be carbon copies of their parents (epigenetics).
Is it Cloning or Not?
26. For each of the following scenarios, indicate YES (it is cloning) or NO (it is not cloning)
_____Not______Sperm taken from a mole goat is combined with a female's egg in a petri dish. The resulting embryo is implanted into the female's uterus to develop
_____Cloning______A sheep embryo, composed of 16 cells, is removed from the mother's uterus and separated into indivudal cells. Each cell is allowed to multiply, creating 16 separate embryos, which are then implanted in different female sheep to develop to maturity.
______Not_____A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother.
____Not_______ In vitro fertilization
____Cloning_______ Cell nuclei from an extinct wolly mammoth are placed into enucleated cow cells.
27. Define or describe each of the following processes (you may need to reset the Cloning or Not Screen)
Invitro fertilization- In vitro fertilization is the process of an egg and sperm placed in a surrogate mother.
Embryo splitting- Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer- SCNT means that all of the embryos are exactly the same.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer- Each embryo will be different using this technique.
Artificial Insemination- Inserting the eggs using a means that is unnatural.
What Are the Risks of Cloning? The risks of cloning are that it is probable that not all of the eggs will live and the animals will not be exactly the same as their mother.
28. What is one reason why cloning animals has such a high failure rate?
Cloning animals has such a high failure rate because implanting the eggs into the surrogate mother might fail, therefore, the clones will not be successful.
29. What is a telomere and how does it affect cloned animals?
A telomere is a DNA strand at the end of each sequence. Each time the DNA sequence duplicates, the telomere becomes shorter. This is why people age. If an already old nucleus gets injected into a surrogate mother, the cloned animal ages faster than the original animal.
What Are Some Issues in Cloning?
30. Pick one of the questions to ponder and ....ponder it. Write a brief essay on your thoughts and opinions.
Whom will the technology help? Does it have the potential to hurt anybody?:
This technology could help people with diseases or disorders because the clones could be researched on instead of the people who have the disease themselves. Unfortunately, the clones would take years to produce the same body as the donor, so the results may not be completely accurate. The clones may also be hurt in the process and clones are exact replicas of the donor, but they have their own minds and ideas as well as the right to their own body. Many people believe that they could replace a diseased child through cloning, but the child will probably not be exactly the same because their environment would be slightly different than the original person and their epigenome would be changed accordingly.
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